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Doping Substances in Nutritional Supplements
Results of the International IOC-Study: Analysis of Non-Hormonal
Nutritional Supplements for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Geyer, H., Parr, M.K., Mareck, U., Reinhart, U., Schrader, Y, Schänzer, W.
Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
Since 1996 prohormones are available on the US sports nutrition market. According to the
doping regulations of the IOC these substances belong to the prohibited class of anabolic
agents [1].
Recent studies have shown that “non-hormonal” supplements such as vitamins, minerals,
amino acids, etc. contain prohormones not declared on the label [2, 3, 4]. These contents
may lead to positive results in doping tests, especially for the nandrolone metabolite
norandrosterone [2, 3]. Based on this knowledge, a broad-based investigation of the
international nutritional supplement market was conducted.
From October 2000 until November 2001 634 non-hormonal nutritional supplements were
obtained in 13 countries from 215 different suppliers. The supplements were bought in shops
in the respective countries (578 samples = 91.2 %), on the internet (52 samples = 8.2 %) and
by telephone order (2 samples = 0.3 %). Two samples (0.3 %) were sent by the IOC. 289
supplements were from prohormone-selling companies and 345 supplements came from
companies which do not offer prohormones. After isolation from the supplement matrix 11
different anabolic androgenic steroids, mainly prohormones of testosterone and nandrolone
were analysed with gas chromatography / mass spectrometry.
Out of the 634 samples analysed 94 (14,8 %) contained prohormones not declared on the
label (“positive supplements”). We could not obtain reliable data for 66 samples (10.4 %)
because of matrix effects. Out of all positive supplements 23 samples (24.5 %) contained
prohormones of nandrolone and testosterone, 64 samples (68.1 %) only contained
prohormones of testosterone, 7 samples (7.5 %) only contained prohormones of nandrolone.
None of the samples contained the prohormone of boldenone.
In relation to the total number of products purchased per country most of the positive
supplements were bought in the Netherlands (25.8 %), in Austria (22.7 %) in the UK (18.8 %)
and the USA (18.8 %).
country no. of products no. of positives percentage of positives
Netherlands 31 8 25.8 %
Austria 22 5 22.7 %
UK 37 7 18.9 %
USA 240 45 18.8 %
Italy 35 5 14.3 %
Spain 29 4 13.8 %
Germany 129 15 11.6 %
Belgium 30 2 6.7 %
France 30 2 6.7 %
Norway 30 1 3.3 %
Switzerland 13 - -
Sweden 6 - -
Hungary 2 - -
total 634 94 14.8 %
According to the label all positive supplements could be attributed to companies only located
in five countries; the USA, the Netherlands, the UK, Italy and Germany.
21.1 % of the nutritional supplements from prohormone selling companies contained
anabolic androgenic steroids, whereas 9.6 % of the supplements from companies not selling
prohormones were positive.
The positive supplements showed anabolic androgenic steroid concentrations of 0.01 µg/g
up to 190 µg/g.
Excretion studies with application of supplements containing nandrolone prohormones
corresponding to a total uptake of more than 1 µg resulted in urinary concentrations of the
nandrolone metabolite norandrosterone above the cut-off limit of the IOC for several hours
(positive doping result).
In two recent studies, high doses of the anabolic steroid metandienone were found in
nutritional supplements [5, 6]. Metandienone, only available on prescription, was not
declared on the labels. The use of metandienone is associated with a large number of
adverse effects especially in women, adolescents and children. Due to the fact that
metandienone is a 17-methylated compound its use is associated with a high liver toxicity
and carcinogenicity. By the consumption of the recommended supplement dosages
metandienone doses far above the recommended therapeutical dose for this prescription
drug can be achieved. In addition to the enormous health risks the use of the analysed
supplements can also lead to positive doping results for metandienone.
The results of the present studies show that the sports community should be aware of the
danger of nutritional supplements containing prohibited anabolic androgenic steroids not
declared on the label. The studies also show that this is an international problem. The
consumption of such nutritional supplements can lead to positive results in doping tests. To
minimize the risk of unintentional doping by the consumption of nutritional supplements
athletes should only buy nutritional supplements from companies, which perform a quality
check for anabolic androgenic steroids, and/or which can guarantee that they have no
contact with anabolic androgenic steroids in the production and transportation processes.
REFERENCES
1. International Olympic Committee: List of prohibited classes of substances and methods of doping.
International Olympic Committee, Medical Commission, Lausanne 2001
2. Geyer, H., Mareck-Engelke, U., Reinhart, U., Thevis, M., Schänzer, W.: Positive Dopingfälle mit
Norandrosteron durch verunreinigte Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. Dtsch. Z. Sportmed. 51, 11
(2000) 378-382
3. Geyer, H., Henze, M.K., Mareck-Engelke, U., Wagner, A., Schänzer, W.: Analysis of “non -
hormonal” nutritional supplements for prohormones In: W. Schänzer, H. Geyer, A. Gotzmann, U.
Mareck-Engelke (eds.) Recent advances in doping analysis (9). Sport und Buch Strauß, Köln
(2001)
4. Ministry for food and rural area, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Edelhäuser, M): Lecture about
results of the analyses of nutritional supplements for anabolic steroids. Press conference BISP,
Cologne 08.02.01
5. Gmeiner, G.: Methandienon in Sportnahrung. Österreichisches Journal für Sportmedizin. 2 (2002)
33-34
6. Geyer, H., Bredehöft, M., Mareck, U., Parr, M.K., Schänzer, W.: Hohe Dosen des Anabolikums
Metandienon in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln. Dtsch.Apoth.Ztg. 142, 29 (2002)