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Clinical Chemistry 50: 456-457, 2004; 10.1373/clinchem.2003.022210
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Drug Monitoring and Toxicology
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(Clinical Chemistry. 2004;50:456-457.)
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Letters to the Editor
Incidental Clostebol Contamination in Athletes after Sexual Intercourse
Henrique M.G. Pereira1, Marlice A.S. Marques1, Isadora B. Talhas1 and Francisco Radler Aquino Neto1,a
1 LABDOP/LADETEC, Instituto de Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
aAuthor for correspondence. E-mail radler@iq.ufrj.br.
To the Editor:
Clostebol is a synthetic androgenic steroid with anabolic effects that is frequently used in sports to increase physical performance. Because of medical and ethical reasons, the use of clostebol is prohibited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (1), and its misuse would fall under the strict liability rule of the IOC and the World Antidoping Agency. It is therefore the responsibility of athletes to submit evidence contrary to any ruling issued against them by the appropriate sports body. Despite the prohibition against the use of clostebol, abuse of this steroid is increasing, mainly in Brazilian athletes. In Brazil, clostebol acetate is present in medicines for dermatologic and gynecologic treatments, whereas in the US, the Food and Drug Administration does not approve of the use of medicines that contain anabolic agents.
Our laboratory, LABDOP, is accredited by the IOC and in the past 3 years has encountered four urine samples that contained clostebol metabolites. One male athlete whose urine tested positive for traces of clostebol metabolites claimed that he was contaminated as a result of sexual intercourse with a woman taking a medication containing clostebol. The IOC did not exonerate him from the results reported by LABDOP. The remaining athletes maintained that the presence of clostebol metabolites in their urine was the result of using clostebol-containing medications. Despite this controversy, the directive from the IOC has been followed, and positive results are always enforced. A previous publication by Debruyckere et al. (2) showed the presence of clostebol metabolites in human urine after oral intake of contaminated meat, but did not mention sexual intercourse.
LABDOP undertook the present study to determine whether the urine of men exposed to intravaginal clostebol acetate during sexual intercourse contains clostebol metabolites. A gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method (3)(4) was used to test for the presence of two metabolites of clostebol, clostebol-M1 (4-chloroandrost-4-en-3-ol-17-one) and clostebol-M2 (4-chloroandrostan-3-ol-17-one), and other steroids in urine samples. The procedure involves preextraction with XAD-2 resin, elution with tert-butyl methyl ether, hydrolysis with ß-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli, extraction with n-pentane, and derivatization at 60 °C for 60 min with a solution containing 1 mL of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, 2 µg of NH4I, and 6 µL of 2-mercaptoethanol (3)(4). The analytes were monitored in selected-ion monitoring mode.
In Brazil, clostebol acetate is available for intravaginal administration. One such preparation (TrofoderminTM; Searle) contains 200 mg of clostebol acetate and 200 mg of neomycin sulfate per 40-g blister. The package insert states that Trofodermin is indicated for cervicitis, postoperative vaginitis, and ulcerative vaginitis, and the recommended dose is 5 g once or twice a day. Two healthy couples (group I) and two healthy men (group II) were involved in the study. A baseline urine was obtained from all volunteers before exposure to clostebol acetate. Participants were healthy and without a history of drug use or gynecologic disease. The study was approved by the University ethics committee (protocol 168/02). Immediately after intravaginal application of 5 g of clostebol acetate, group I had sexual intercourse lasting 20 min (experiment I). In experiment II, the men in group II applied 200 mg of clostebol acetate topically to their penis for 20 min. Urine samples were collected from all participant volunteers for the following 2 days.
The urine of the men in experiment I contained trace amounts of clostebol-M1 (0.9–3.5 µg/L) with a tmax of 16 h. The concentration of clostebol-M1 in the urine of the females reached a maximum of 35 µg/L after 23 h. Small amounts of clostebol-M2 were also detected. The urine of the men in experiment II contained higher amounts of clostebol-M1, with a peak concentration of 22 µg/L after 3.5 h, and was detectable for 15 h. The baseline urines contained no clostebol, clostebol-M1, or clostebol-M2. The possibility of incidental contamination from sexual intercourse was confirmed, despite the fact that the amount of clostebol-M1 (long-term metabolite) was near the limit of detection (µg/L). Because the IOC does not make a distinction among circumstances or means of administration of anabolic compounds, athletes should be warned not to use clostebol-containing medications and to be aware of their partner’s medical treatments.
References
. International Olympic Committee. The OMAC 2001. Olympic movement anti-doping code, appendix A4 2001 IOC Lausanne, Switzerland. .
Debruyckere G, Sagher R, Van Peteghem C. Closbetol positive urine after consumption of contaminated meat. Clin Chem 1992;38:1869-1873.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Geyer H, Mareck-Engelke U, Schanzer W, Donike M. Simple purification of urine samples for improved detection of anabolic and endogenous steroids. Proceedings of the Recent Advances in Doping Analysis 11th Cologne Workshop on Dope Analysis 1994:97-103 Sport und Buch Strauss Köln, Germany. .
Huenerbein A, Marques MAS, Pereira AS, Aquino Neto FR. Improvement in steroid screening for doping control with special emphasis on stanozolol. J Chromatogr A 2003;985:375-386.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
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Articles by Aquino Neto, F. R.
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Articles by Pereira, H. M.G.
Articles by Aquino Neto, F. R.
Related Collections
Drug Monitoring and Toxicology
Endocrinology and Metabolism
(Clinical Chemistry. 2004;50:456-457.)
© 2004 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Letters to the Editor
Incidental Clostebol Contamination in Athletes after Sexual Intercourse
Henrique M.G. Pereira1, Marlice A.S. Marques1, Isadora B. Talhas1 and Francisco Radler Aquino Neto1,a
1 LABDOP/LADETEC, Instituto de Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
aAuthor for correspondence. E-mail radler@iq.ufrj.br.
To the Editor:
Clostebol is a synthetic androgenic steroid with anabolic effects that is frequently used in sports to increase physical performance. Because of medical and ethical reasons, the use of clostebol is prohibited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (1), and its misuse would fall under the strict liability rule of the IOC and the World Antidoping Agency. It is therefore the responsibility of athletes to submit evidence contrary to any ruling issued against them by the appropriate sports body. Despite the prohibition against the use of clostebol, abuse of this steroid is increasing, mainly in Brazilian athletes. In Brazil, clostebol acetate is present in medicines for dermatologic and gynecologic treatments, whereas in the US, the Food and Drug Administration does not approve of the use of medicines that contain anabolic agents.
Our laboratory, LABDOP, is accredited by the IOC and in the past 3 years has encountered four urine samples that contained clostebol metabolites. One male athlete whose urine tested positive for traces of clostebol metabolites claimed that he was contaminated as a result of sexual intercourse with a woman taking a medication containing clostebol. The IOC did not exonerate him from the results reported by LABDOP. The remaining athletes maintained that the presence of clostebol metabolites in their urine was the result of using clostebol-containing medications. Despite this controversy, the directive from the IOC has been followed, and positive results are always enforced. A previous publication by Debruyckere et al. (2) showed the presence of clostebol metabolites in human urine after oral intake of contaminated meat, but did not mention sexual intercourse.
LABDOP undertook the present study to determine whether the urine of men exposed to intravaginal clostebol acetate during sexual intercourse contains clostebol metabolites. A gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method (3)(4) was used to test for the presence of two metabolites of clostebol, clostebol-M1 (4-chloroandrost-4-en-3-ol-17-one) and clostebol-M2 (4-chloroandrostan-3-ol-17-one), and other steroids in urine samples. The procedure involves preextraction with XAD-2 resin, elution with tert-butyl methyl ether, hydrolysis with ß-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli, extraction with n-pentane, and derivatization at 60 °C for 60 min with a solution containing 1 mL of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, 2 µg of NH4I, and 6 µL of 2-mercaptoethanol (3)(4). The analytes were monitored in selected-ion monitoring mode.
In Brazil, clostebol acetate is available for intravaginal administration. One such preparation (TrofoderminTM; Searle) contains 200 mg of clostebol acetate and 200 mg of neomycin sulfate per 40-g blister. The package insert states that Trofodermin is indicated for cervicitis, postoperative vaginitis, and ulcerative vaginitis, and the recommended dose is 5 g once or twice a day. Two healthy couples (group I) and two healthy men (group II) were involved in the study. A baseline urine was obtained from all volunteers before exposure to clostebol acetate. Participants were healthy and without a history of drug use or gynecologic disease. The study was approved by the University ethics committee (protocol 168/02). Immediately after intravaginal application of 5 g of clostebol acetate, group I had sexual intercourse lasting 20 min (experiment I). In experiment II, the men in group II applied 200 mg of clostebol acetate topically to their penis for 20 min. Urine samples were collected from all participant volunteers for the following 2 days.
The urine of the men in experiment I contained trace amounts of clostebol-M1 (0.9–3.5 µg/L) with a tmax of 16 h. The concentration of clostebol-M1 in the urine of the females reached a maximum of 35 µg/L after 23 h. Small amounts of clostebol-M2 were also detected. The urine of the men in experiment II contained higher amounts of clostebol-M1, with a peak concentration of 22 µg/L after 3.5 h, and was detectable for 15 h. The baseline urines contained no clostebol, clostebol-M1, or clostebol-M2. The possibility of incidental contamination from sexual intercourse was confirmed, despite the fact that the amount of clostebol-M1 (long-term metabolite) was near the limit of detection (µg/L). Because the IOC does not make a distinction among circumstances or means of administration of anabolic compounds, athletes should be warned not to use clostebol-containing medications and to be aware of their partner’s medical treatments.
References
. International Olympic Committee. The OMAC 2001. Olympic movement anti-doping code, appendix A4 2001 IOC Lausanne, Switzerland. .
Debruyckere G, Sagher R, Van Peteghem C. Closbetol positive urine after consumption of contaminated meat. Clin Chem 1992;38:1869-1873.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Geyer H, Mareck-Engelke U, Schanzer W, Donike M. Simple purification of urine samples for improved detection of anabolic and endogenous steroids. Proceedings of the Recent Advances in Doping Analysis 11th Cologne Workshop on Dope Analysis 1994:97-103 Sport und Buch Strauss Köln, Germany. .
Huenerbein A, Marques MAS, Pereira AS, Aquino Neto FR. Improvement in steroid screening for doping control with special emphasis on stanozolol. J Chromatogr A 2003;985:375-386.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
