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Meidän mahdollisesti uraauurtavan (?) tiedeprojektin keskeisimmän julkaisun 4. versio on nyt luettavissa netissä "raakaversiona" (klikkaa "Download PDF"):
https://www.medrxiv.org/conte…/10.1101/2020.10.27.20220202v4
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Q: "Could someone explain what this means in layman terms please. I’m still a student and would like to stay ahead of what research affects my qualification outcome."
A: Not sure if this will have any effect on your qualification outcome but we will try to explain the basic ideas of mass balance model (MBM) as plainly as possible.
MBM describes body weight fluctuations as a mass imbalance problem. Specifically, when macronutrient (i.e., proteins, fats, carbohydrates) mass intake exceeds mass elimination (i.e., daily excretion of macronutrient oxidation products) body weight increases, whereas it decreases as mass excretion becomes greater than macronutrient mass ingestion. At first sight this statement may not seem to have far-reaching consequences; however, when translated into mathematical form it results in very interesting predictions that are not evident from the qualitative inspection of such a simple idea.
If energy intake is fixed, the amount of macronutrient mass intake decreases as the energy fraction from fat increases. Let say you start a 1 300 kcal low-fat/high-carb diet with energy distributed as 20% fat, 65% carbohydrate and 15% protein:
mass intake = (1,300 x 0.20)/9 + (1,300 x 0.65)/4 + (1,300 x 0.15)/4 ≈ 289g.
However, then you switch for a 1,300 kcal low-carbohydrate diet with energy sorted as 70% fat, 15% carbohydrate and 15% protein:
mass intake = (1,300 x 0.70)/9 + (1,300 x 0.15)/4 + (1,300 x 0.15)/4 ≈ 199g.
Thus, the daily macronutrient mass* intake is now substantially smaller than the daily mass intake in the low-fat diet (289g – 199g = 90g).
The daily mass elimination produced by each diet, on the other hand, corresponds to the daily excretion of macronutrient oxidation products. The latter can be approximated as similar between diets since the predominant experimental evidence indicates that the energy expenditure among diets is not substantially different [1].
If two persons eliminate body mass at about the same daily rate, then the one ingesting less macronutrient mass will express a greater daily weight loss, which over time results in a much larger body weight reduction. According to the MBM, this is – in essence – the mechanism that explains the greater weight and fat loss in low-carb diets vs. isocaloric (i.e., having same caloric value) low-fats diet rather than the differences in the physiological effects of each diet. That is, the difference simply emerges from dissimilar nutrient mass intakes.
Answer the question: what do you measure when you stand on the bathroom scale, your body mass (kgs) or your energy (Calories)? Energy intake (i.e., Calories) represents the heat release upon food oxidation, and as such, Calories have nothing to do with the body mass. Heat cannot produce body mass.
In sum:
The old energy balance theory (EBT): calories in, calories out
The new mass balance model (MBM): mass in, mass out
Best regards,
Anssi H. Manninen
Francisco Arencibia-Albite 17/12/2020
References
1.
https://academic.oup.com/…/doi/10.1093/jn/nxaa350/6020167…
*Actually we should talk about energy-providing mass (EMP) but we tried to keep everything as simple as possible. Also, we rounded macronutrient calorie values. For further details, please see Francisco’s original MBM paper:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020310483
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